Scope and Nature of International Relations in the Present Era.

The scope of international relations has significantly expanded due to the emergence of new states on the face of the globe. Due to increasing political, economic, and commercial activities around the world, the relations among various states have been changing and due to these continuous changes in international relations, the meaning, nature, and scope of international relations have been changing. There are many factors, which affect the nature and scope of international relations, such as the emergence of new nations, technological development, and strategic and commercial interest among various countries of the World. In its nascent stage, it was concerned only with the study of the diplomatic history of European powers, and it was different from today’s complex international Politics. Its scope is continuously changing and acquiring more fields of study under its domain. After the end of World War 11 the scope of ir was further expanded with the establishment of international organizations, increasing demand for decolonization, rise of new Ideologies, the emergence of two superpowers, intense Cold War, efforts to denuclearize the world, consolidation of peace under the umbrella of UN and economic, social, environmental security and stability of the world. The powerful and changing scope of IR forced the leaders to shift their policy of territorial sovereignty to human security. Since the invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 by the former Soviet Union and especially after the 9/11 attacks, the scope of IR has extended to the methods of countering terrorism perpetrated by non-state actors and comprehensive relations among states. That incident has altered the scope of Int Relations. The eminence of International Relations has salvaged the subjugated humanity from the clutches of European Colonialism. It helped the establishment of the United Nations Organization, which was forced by the changing scenario of international politics to initiate the process of decolonization. The forces of international Relations have come with flying colours and the number of sovereign international units increased from 51 to 193. Therefore, the scope and extent of International Relations have widened and extended to all sovereign and independent states of the world. The world leaders have been forced to divert their attention to the betterment of human security rather than territorial security. The scope and nature of International Relations have compelled the leaders of the world to avoid war and fight collectively against socio-economic issues, irrespective of race, creed, region, and religion. The nature of IR compelled the leaders of the world to relegate the idea of war and cooperate with one another. The scope of international relations has greatly expanded in modern times due to the emergence of new states on the face of the globe. The scope of international relations is continuously expanding and becoming very multifaceted due to many factors such as LPG (liberalization privatization, and globalization), advancement in technology (communication, transportation, and social media), and global issues (Terrorism, poverty, global warming, etc.). Now, the world has become a global village. The scope of IR may also be defined by the sub-fields it encompasses. The scope altered from war and peace to international security and peace. Similarly, the international political economy (IPE), a main sub-field of IR, deals with trade and financial relations among nations and focuses on how nations have cooperated politically to create and maintain institutions that regulate the flow of international economic and financial transactions. Population, economic development, (GDP, GNP, NNI), military strength, determination to resist opposing ideology, political stability, leadership quality, and geographical location determine the scope and nature of IR. The cooperation of countries and regional organisation also determine the scope of IR. The western countries despite military and economic power are dependent on the crucial collaboration of the Muslim States such as Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Egypt, and the newly emerged Central Asian States. The western world is dependent on the oil and gas of Muslin States, and striving to control this natural wealth. The ambit of international relations has been the development and interaction among states. The state has and will remain the domain of International Relations. As we know, International Relations are the manipulation to acquire power and impose, will upon others. National power has remained within the scope of IR. Population, economic development, (GDP, GNP, NNI), military strength, determination to resist opposing ideology, political stability, leadership quality, and geographical location determine the scope and nature of IR. The following are the subfields of international relations that determine the scope and nature of IR. 1. Study of State Systems and their behaviour in the world. 2. Study of relations among states, either military or economic. 3. Study of national Interests and methods to acquire vital interest without coming into conflict. 4. Study of national Power and methods to acquire it. 5. Study of the foreign policy of major countries. 6. Study of International Law and increasing acceptability and influence. 7. Study of International and Regional organizations. 8. Study of Geopolitics and importance. 9. Study of wars and ways to achieve peace. 10. Study of Conflict Management and Conflict Resolution by the Global Community 11. Study of Ideologies and their impact. 12. Study of Nationalism, colonialism, and imperialism and results. 13. Study of Disarmament by major powers. 14. Study of the Global Environmental Protection and effects. 15. Study of the protection of Human Rights in the world 16. Study of the Role of Economic Factors in the International Relation. 17. Study of Regions, their natural wealth. 18. Study of terrorism its sponsorship, and motives. 19. Study of the new Cold War leading to the third world war. 20. Study of the role of Muslim countries.