Study of I R, Political Science & History.

Basic and Primary Principles of Foreign Policy of a Peaceful Country in the World. the Founder of our country outlined the goals of states foreign policy and said; “Our foreign policy is one of friendliness and goodwill towards all the nations of the world. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the principle of honesty and fair play in national and international dealings and are prepared to make our utmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed peoples of the world, and in upholding the principles of the United Nations Charter.” The Constitution of country also lays down guidelines for the conduct of foreign policy of the country. The constitution provides that: “The State shall Endeavour to preserve and strengthen fraternal relations with other countries, support the common interests...

Guiding Principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Founder of Pakistan and its first Governor General, in February 1948, outlined the goals of Pakistan’s foreign policy and said; “Our foreign policy is one of friendliness and goodwill towards all the nations of the world. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation. We believe in the principle of honesty and fair play in national and international dealings and are prepared to make our utmost contribution to the promotion of peace and prosperity among the nations of the world. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support to the oppressed and suppressed peoples of the world, and in upholding the principles of the United Nations Charter.” The Constitution of Pakistan also lays down guidelines for the conduct of foreign policy of the country. Article 40 of the constitution provides that: “The State shall Endeavour to preserve and strengthen frater...

Kinds of law. This is lecture of LAW series, Lecture can be helpful for study of A & O levels, Undergraduate, LAW, Graduate, Bachelors, BS, Masters in World Universities, and Competitive examinations of world. Please subscribes and share with students. Thanks. 1. National or Municipal law. Political or positive laws made by the state are called national law also called municipal law. All kinds of laws except international law are included in it. It is further divided into Constitutional Law and Ordinary Law. Constitutional law is the body of laws which determines and regulates the powers and functions of the various organs of state, the relations between the governor and the governed and their rights. these may be written or unwritten. 2. Ordinary law. All national laws, which are not constitutional laws, are included in ordinary law. The state is both the child and the parent of law. It is the child of constitutional law and the parent of ordinary law. Ordinary law defines and ...

This is lecture of LAW series, Lecture can be helpful for study of A & O levels, Undergraduate, LAW, Graduate, Bachelors, BS, Masters in World Universities, and Competitive examinations of world. Please subscribes and share with students. Thanks. Sources of Law. Below mentioned are main sources of Law. 1. Customs or usage. It is the oldest and earliest source of law. A custom is the habit of the people handed down to them from generation to generation as their traditions. What fore fathers have done in the past has become binding upon succeeding generations. They follow it as sacred and compel others to do. In every society, many customs are found regulating the lives of the people. As the state is, consist of people hence it recognizes and enforce them. In this way, usages and customs become laws in course of time. It is also called customary law. 2. Religion. Religion is very old source of law. In primitive ages, people followed the precept and rules of their religion, which th...

Definition of LAW This is lecture of LAW series, Lecture can be helpful for study of A & O levels, Undergraduate, LAW, Graduate, Bachelors, BS, Masters in World Universities, and Competitive examinations of world. Please subscribes and share with students. Thanks. The term law is derived from the German word meaning fixed or evenly. In political and legal terminology, the term law implies or means rules and regulations enforced by the state. In every modern civilized country, there are certain tenets or rules to govern or regulate the conduct and behaviour of its inhabitant. In every country and society, there exist rules that regulate human conduct. Such rules may be in black and white or in conventions and unwritten and flourish in the form of customs backed by the force of public opinion. Illustrious jurists have defined law in different ways; some of these definitions are given below; Wilson defines “law as that portion of the established thought and habit which has gained dis...

Bosphorus Strait This is lecture series about important major Straits in the World. This Lecture can be helpful for study of A & O levels, Undergraduate, Graduate, Bachelors, BS, Masters in International Relations, Political Science, & International Economics in universities of world and Competitive examinations of world. Pl subscribes and share with students Thanks. Definition of Strait. A strait is a narrow navigable waterway that connects two seas or separates two land mass in Sea. It lies between two land masses. Strait is used for transporting ships of goods to various parts of the world. Straits connect the different cultures, peoples and parts of world. It is a sort of reducing the distance. Bosphorus Strait Connects Black Sea with Sea of Marmara. It is between Asian Turkey and European Turkey. This strait gives passage to littoral states of Black Sea Such as Russia, Ukraine. Moldavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Georgia, Turkiye to Mediterranean to Sea, Africa, Europe and fin...

STRAIT OF DARDANELLES This is lecture series about strategically important Straits in the World. Lecture can be helpful for study of A & O levels, Undergraduate, Graduate, Bachelors, BS, Masters in World Universities, and Competitive examinations of world like Banking, Chinese, US & EUROPEAN CIVIL SERVICES, Gaokao, Mensa, UPSC, SSC, RRB, IAS, CSS, PCS, UPSC, PPSC, IELTS, TOFEL, GMAT, DTE, CELPIP, CELTA, TEFL, TESOL, SAT, ACT, LAST, UPSEE, PRELIMS, SAT, LAST, INSP. Please subscribes and share with students. Thanks. Definition of Strait. A strait is a narrow navigable waterway that connects two seas or separates two land mass in Sea. Any Strait lies between two land masses. Strait is used for transporting ships of goods to various parts of the world. Straits connect the different cultures, peoples and parts of world. Strait is a sort of reducing the distance. Strait of Dardanelles Separates Turkey from Greece and Bulgaria. It Connects Aegean Sea with Sea of Marmara. This strait...

STRAIT OF GIBRALTER This is lecture series about strategically important Straits in the World. Lecture can be helpful for study of A & O levels, Undergraduate, Graduate, Bachelors, BS, Masters in World Universities, and Competitive examinations of world like Banking, Chinese, US & EUROPEAN CIVIL SERVICES, Gaokao, Mensa, UPSC, SSC, RRB, IAS, CSS, PCS, UPSC, PPSC, IELTS, TOFEL, GMAT, DTE, CELPIP, CELTA, TEFL, TESOL, ACT, LAST, UPSEE, PRELIMS, SAT, AND INSP. Please subscribes and share with students. Thanks. Definition of Strait. A strait is a narrow navigable waterway that connects two seas or separates two land mass in Sea. It lies between two land masses. Strait is used for transporting ships of goods to various parts of the world. Straits connect the different cultures, peoples and parts of world. It is a sort of reducing the distance. Strait of Gibraltar. The Strait of Gibraltar is strategically important strait of world. It separates Africa from Europe. GS connects Medite...

Strait of Mozambique. This is lecture series about strategically important Straits in the World. Lecture can be helpful for study of A & O levels, Undergraduate, Graduate, Bachelors, BS, Masters in World Universities, and Competitive examinations of world like Banking, Chinese, US & EUROPEAN CIVIL SERVICES, Chines Gaokao, German Mensa, UPSC, SSC, RRB, IAS, CSS, PCS, PPSC, IELTS, TOFEL, GMAT, DTE, CELPIP, CELTA, TEFL, TESOL, ACT, LAST, UPSEE, PRELIMS, SAT, AND INSP. Pl subscribes and share with students Thanks. Mozambique strait is broadest strait of the World. It is also called Mozambique Channel. It lies between African Countries Mozambique and Madagascar. Madagascar is an African country in Indian Ocean. Madagascar is an Island of Africa in Indian Ocean. The Mozambique Channel is an arm of the Indian Ocean located between the Southeast African countries of Madagascar and Mozambique. The channel is about 1,700 km long. The Mozambique Channel is an integral route for ship...

Islands in Asia. This is lecture series about strategically important General Knowledge of the World. Lecture can be helpful for study of A & O levels, Undergraduate, Graduate, Bachelors, BS, Masters in World Universities, and Competitive examinations of world. Please subscribes and share with students. Thanks. Sri Lanka is a country in South Asia. Maldives in Indian Ocean, which is a smallest country in Asia in terms of Area and Population. Andaman and Nicobar Island in Bay of Bengal (Indian Ocean), Java, Sumatra, Sulawsi and Borneo Island which is largest in Asia and third in world. Luzon and Mindanao in Philippines, which is inhabited by Muslims. Hainan Island is part of China. Sakhalin island of Russia is in Pacific Ocean. Hokkaido, Honshu Island of Japan. Kuril Island is disputed between Russia and Japan. Senkaku Island is disputed between China and Japan. Abu Musa Island in Persian Gulf is disputed between Iran and UAE.

Fabian Socialism. I am Professor Qayum Mangi, Principal College of Superior Services (CSS Academy) Sukkur. This is lecture about the Political Philosophy Fabianism. This is important topic of subject History, Political Science, Political Thought and Sociology taught in universities of the world to the students of Graduation and Masters. This topic is also helpful for Competitive Examinations of the world countries such as USA, China, European countries, Australia, Canada, India and Pakistan. This political theory was propounded and presented to deter and contain the fast growing waves of Communism in the Europe and world. Propounders were trying to curb its spread by reforming their rotten and decaying prevalent system, which benefited only elite class of World at the cost of lower strata at that time. The poverty, social decadence, economic deprivation and inequality were rising in the lower and middle class. Fabian philosophy was formed in 1884. It could not curb the breeze of soci...

Factors that Promotes & increases “Inter-State” friendly Relations among States of the world. What are these factors, which help promote friendly relation? Why powerful states ignore weaker states? Why weaker states need cooperation of major powers? This article/lecture would help students of BS MS International Relations, Political Science, History, Strategic Studies and Competitive Exams of the World. As man is a social animal of society so are the states in the International comity. As man cannot live and survive, alone so states cannot sustain individually. Therefore, like man state has to maintain relations with other states. The state has to maintain relations with another state mainly for two reasons one is to get favour or benefit and the other factor is fear. The benefit is accruing from trade and cooperation in various vital fields. The constant fear of being subjugated by other powerful and strong states compels states to maintain relations to preserve their integrity a...