Study of I R, Political Science & History.

One Road and One Belt (OBOR) or Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Fate of World. One Road and One Belt (OBOR) or Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the Fate of World. Development in economic interaction is rapidly changing the new alignments in the form of socio-economic cooperation around the globe. China has transformed itself from a socialist giant to economic powerhouse. China desires to become a global player through its Belt and Road Initiative, which are an economic superhighway linking continents and cultures. China conceived the idea of One Belt One Road Initiative in 2013 with the initially planned portfolio of infrastructure, energy, and economic projects. OBOR is of prime importance to China, as it would boost its industrial growth and country’s strategy for economic diplomacy and strategic superiority. OBOR is expected to create new markets for Chinese goods, and enhance economic activity. It would also enable the manufacturing powerhouse to gain control of cost-...

Define the concept National Interest in International Relations, Significance in IR, Determinants, Kinds, Methods and Ways to Acquire N I it in present Complicated International Politics. 1. Definition, Significance and Importance in international System Brookings Institute defines national interest as “the general and continuing ends for which a nation acts”. Morgenthau defines national interest as “the survival, the protection of physical, political and cultural identity against encroachments by other nation-states”. National Interest has become a fundamental concept of international relations which encompass the ideological interest, political interests, security interests, economic and commercial interests, social and cultural interests in relation to other states depends on the level and nature of relations. The notion of national interests reflects states fundamental perception of the amalgamation of all national interests, its importance, its purpose, its values and ways to...

The scope of international relations has significantly expanded due to the emergence of new states on the face of the globe. Due to increasing political, economic, and commercial activities around the world, the relations among various states have been changing and due to these continuous changes in international relations, the meaning, nature, and scope of international relations have been changing. There are many factors, which affect the nature and scope of international relations, such as the emergence of new nations, technological development, and strategic and commercial interest among various countries of the World. In its nascent stage, it was concerned only with the study of the diplomatic history of European powers, and it was different from today’s complex international Politics. Its scope is continuously changing and acquiring more fields of study under its domain. After the end of World War 11 the scope of ir was further expanded with the establishment of international o...

The establishment of a global institution for handling the course of international relations and maintaining peace and harmony has been a unique development in human history. The idea of an International Organisation for averting war, maintaining peace and collective human betterment is found since ancient times in one or the other form. The term international organisation can be defined as collaborative efforts for attaining and implementing the agreed terms for collective security. On the ashes of World War 1, a positive step was taken with the establishment of the League of Nations. The establishment of the League of Nations received special impetus when President of USA Woodrow Wilson announced his momentous fourteen-point programme on 8th January 1918. A commission of nineteen members framed the covenant of the League of Nations. The covenant of the League of Nations appended to the Treaty of Versailles was signed by the German representative on 28th June 1919. After the end of th...

POLITICAL, SOCIAL, RELIGIOUS, AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE PEOPLE OF WORLD DURING WORLD WAR 1 & 11. Professor Qayum Namgi June 25, 2022 Period before the both world wars was moribund period when great empires of Asia and Africa were conquered, destroyed and plundered. There was not a single state in the whole world that could be called stable state with authority. There were not a single society based on principles of justice, equality, and fairness. The societies and rule were erected on the principle of force and power. People of occupied territories did not enjoy the basic tenets of politics due to Monarchies in the world. The colonial rulers encouraged one faction against other. They were divided hence became easy prey to conquer. The colonial powers created political instability, economic disparity, and social decadence. The economic conditions of Europeans were becoming prosperous at the cost of Entire Humanity of world. Their living standard and wealth was increasing at ...

   FACTORS AND CAUSES THAT COLLAPSED THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM DURING WORLD WARS.   The working of the pre-war international system was anarchic, chaotic, and unholy. Its salient features created a strategic situation in which war was inevitable. There were many factors and causes, which contributed to the collapse of the International System. The main factors were Natural, Nationalist, and Freedom Movements against European in the world, and the emergence of new Ideologies. The traditional factors were the irrational balance of Power, Alliances and Counter Alliances, Secret Diplomacy, Mutual Distrust, Strategic, and Economic Rivalries around the world, War as a Means for securing interest, Militarism, the Treaty of Versailles, the Rise of Nazism, and Fascism, Failure of League of Nation was a major factor that contributed to the collapse International System. Internal political instability in Germany as a result of elections held in January 1919 in which ...

  PRE WORLD WAR 1 & 11 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM IN THE WORLD After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 at Waterloo , the European States were successful in registering peaceful development up to 1914. However, the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 inflicted a mortal blow upon the development registered during these 100 years. From 1815-to 1914, the international system developed as a European-dominated system or at least as a Euro-centric system. England , France , Germany , Spain , Italy , Austria , and Turkey remained dominant European states and acted as key actors of the international system. Balance of power, Nationalism, European imperialism, and Militarism continued to be the salient features of this Euro-Centric International system. The pre-war international system was differentiated by attempts designed at securing secret military and security pacts, expansion of military power, stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction, armament race, secret diplomacy, and use of fo...