Study of I R, Political Science & History.

The scope of international relations has significantly expanded due to the emergence of new states on the face of the globe. Due to increasing political, economic, and commercial activities around the world, the relations among various states have been changing and due to these continuous changes in international relations, the meaning, nature, and scope of international relations have been changing. There are many factors, which affect the nature and scope of international relations, such as the emergence of new nations, technological development, and strategic and commercial interest among various countries of the World. In its nascent stage, it was concerned only with the study of the diplomatic history of European powers, and it was different from today’s complex international Politics. Its scope is continuously changing and acquiring more fields of study under its domain. After the end of World War 11 the scope of ir was further expanded with the establishment of international o...

The establishment of a global institution for handling the course of international relations and maintaining peace and harmony has been a unique development in human history. The idea of an International Organisation for averting war, maintaining peace and collective human betterment is found since ancient times in one or the other form. The term international organisation can be defined as collaborative efforts for attaining and implementing the agreed terms for collective security. On the ashes of World War 1, a positive step was taken with the establishment of the League of Nations. The establishment of the League of Nations received special impetus when President of USA Woodrow Wilson announced his momentous fourteen-point programme on 8th January 1918. A commission of nineteen members framed the covenant of the League of Nations. The covenant of the League of Nations appended to the Treaty of Versailles was signed by the German representative on 28th June 1919. After the end of th...

POLITICAL, SOCIAL, RELIGIOUS, AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF THE PEOPLE OF WORLD DURING WORLD WAR 1 & 11. Professor Qayum Namgi June 25, 2022 Period before the both world wars was moribund period when great empires of Asia and Africa were conquered, destroyed and plundered. There was not a single state in the whole world that could be called stable state with authority. There were not a single society based on principles of justice, equality, and fairness. The societies and rule were erected on the principle of force and power. People of occupied territories did not enjoy the basic tenets of politics due to Monarchies in the world. The colonial rulers encouraged one faction against other. They were divided hence became easy prey to conquer. The colonial powers created political instability, economic disparity, and social decadence. The economic conditions of Europeans were becoming prosperous at the cost of Entire Humanity of world. Their living standard and wealth was increasing at ...

   FACTORS AND CAUSES THAT COLLAPSED THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM DURING WORLD WARS.   The working of the pre-war international system was anarchic, chaotic, and unholy. Its salient features created a strategic situation in which war was inevitable. There were many factors and causes, which contributed to the collapse of the International System. The main factors were Natural, Nationalist, and Freedom Movements against European in the world, and the emergence of new Ideologies. The traditional factors were the irrational balance of Power, Alliances and Counter Alliances, Secret Diplomacy, Mutual Distrust, Strategic, and Economic Rivalries around the world, War as a Means for securing interest, Militarism, the Treaty of Versailles, the Rise of Nazism, and Fascism, Failure of League of Nation was a major factor that contributed to the collapse International System. Internal political instability in Germany as a result of elections held in January 1919 in which ...

  PRE WORLD WAR 1 & 11 INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM IN THE WORLD After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 at Waterloo , the European States were successful in registering peaceful development up to 1914. However, the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 inflicted a mortal blow upon the development registered during these 100 years. From 1815-to 1914, the international system developed as a European-dominated system or at least as a Euro-centric system. England , France , Germany , Spain , Italy , Austria , and Turkey remained dominant European states and acted as key actors of the international system. Balance of power, Nationalism, European imperialism, and Militarism continued to be the salient features of this Euro-Centric International system. The pre-war international system was differentiated by attempts designed at securing secret military and security pacts, expansion of military power, stockpiling of weapons of mass destruction, armament race, secret diplomacy, and use of fo...

  Historical developmental stages of International Relations in the World. The Western scholars described multifarious stages of development of IR considering their affiliation and circumstances. Contrary to western scholars, I present the development of IR in two stages. The first stage before World Wars and the second stage that started after the end of World War 11.  The Western scholars have totally ignored the momentous historical developments and nationalist movements of the world that reshaped the contours of the world. These historical developments and movements greatly contributed to the development of IR in the world. The success of historical movements for liberation from the bondage of colonialism contributed for the establishment of the UN in the world and new world. The victory of allied powers with destruction in Europe and collapse of European Colonialism actually defeated the victors. Victor and vanquished both were losers in the history.  The real mul...

  International Relation’s Introduction, Relevance & Importance in Modern Era Following the end of World War 1 and 11, the nature and concept of International Relations have transformed with new realities and pillars of Power politics. The emergence of new ideologies around the world and collapse of the European Colonial Empires, the conduct of IR have changed. As man is a social animal of the society so are the states in the International comity or international System.  As man cannot live, alone consequently states cannot sustain individually. Therefore, like man state have to maintain all forms of relations including diplomatic, commercial and strategic relations for numerous reasons and compulsions. The main factor of fear and benefit to maintain relations among states is to acquire benefit in vital fields of life and preserve the existence of the state against internal and external dangers. The benefit is accruing from cooperation in various vital fields. The fear...